Squares
In modern cities, squares
are
areas
for residents to meet, communicate and have fun. Squares in that sense do not seem to have existed in
Byzantium. Terraces
with arcades affording a view out to sea or over the surrounding area above the
walls were designed as recreation areas. Following the Roman tradition, cities
in late antiquity had a complex of public buildings around a central forum. The
arcades surrounding the main square housed shops, while the centre of the
square usually had a column supporting a statue of the emperor.
Fairs
and
even
executions
took
place
in
some of them, such as the Forum Bovis (“of the Ox”) in
Constantinople. That
being said, after
the 7th
century
fora
in the capital were
converted into market
places.
In the new fortress cities founded on high ground, wide
points in the streets or free spaces around churches served as squares. Though provision
had not originally been made for such use, it would appear that these places
served as meeting points that catered for processions, religious ceremonies and
festivals.
Public spaces and squares are rarely testified in mid
and late Byzantium.
Mystras was one example, as the level ground in front of the Palace of the
Despots was free of buildings and thus suitable for social gatherings.
The scarcity of squares and planned open spaces could be
interpreted as resulting from urban sprawl and the crowding so characteristic
of Byzantine cities, especially in the provinces.
Typical
examples are the medieval villages of Chios,
where dense house construction leaves almost no open spaces, except those next
to churches. Indeed, open spaces around churches and monastery enclosures gradually
became important hubs of social life in cities.
Glossary (0)
Information Texts (2)
The city:
Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine
Empire, was built on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Byzantium, on the
triangular peninsula formed by the Golden Horn,
the Bosporus and the Sea
of Marmara. This was an excellent location that controlled trade
routes linking the Aegean to the Black Sea. Emperor Constantine founded Constantinople
in 330 AD as a city to rival Rome
in splendour, wealth and power. The city grew fast, leading to problems of
space and facilities, so Theodosius I extended it to the west by building new
strong walls that protected Constantinople
until the end of the Byzantine Empire.
The
city was laid out after Rome.
A main road, the Mese Odos, linked the palace to the Golden
Gate. On this road was the Forum, a circular plaza with a statue
of Constantine
mounted on a column, surrounded by public buildings. Theodosius I and Arcadius later
built more forums decorated with their own statues.
Following
the Nika riots in the 6th century, Justinian adorned Constantinople
with magnificent edifices, palaces, baths and public buildings. This time also
saw the construction of Agia Sophia (the Holy Wisdom), the church which served
as the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate throughout the Byzantine period.
During
the 7th and 8th centuries Constantinople faced
major problems that threw it into disarray: attacks by the Avars (a siege in
674) and Arabs (attacks in 674 and 717-718); natural disasters (a powerful,
destructive earthquake in 740); and epidemics (plague in 747). Limited building
activity resumed in the 8th and 9th century, mainly concentrated on
strengthening the city's fortifications.
With
the recovery of the Byzantine Empire from the
9th to the 11th century, Constantinople became
the most populated city in Christendom; the majority of inhabitants were
Greek-speaking, but many other ethnic groups lived alongside them, such as
Jews, Armenians, Russians, Italians merchants, Arabs and mercenaries from Western Europe and Scandinavia. Many public, private and church-owned buildings were erected at the time, with
an emphasis on establishing charitable institutions such as hospitals, nursing
homes, orphanages and schools. Higher education flourished, thanks to the care
of the state and the emergence of important scholars. This renaissance lasted
until the mid-11th century, when economic problems due to poor management set
in, compounded by the adverse outcome of imperial operations beyond the borders.
The
Crusaders left Constantinople entirely
unscathed when first passing through, but in the Fourth Crusade of 1204 the
Franks conquered and ransacked the city, slaughtering those inhabitants they
did not take prisoner or drive out. In 1261 the city was retaken by Michael
VIII Palaeologus, who rebuilt most of the monuments and the walls but proved
unable to restore the city to its former splendour and glory. Enfeebled as it
was, the empire was incapable of checking the advance of the Ottomans, and in
1453 Constantinople finally fell into their
hands.
The fall signalled the end of the empire. Nevertheless, the Byzantine intellectual
tradition remained significant, as many scholars settled in the Venetian dominions
of Crete and the Peloponnese,
as well as in European countries, conveying Greek learning to the West.
The castle:
The
castle of Mystras
or Myzithra was
founded in
1249 by
the Frankish
Prince
William II
de Villehardouin.
It lies on the top of a
mound in the foothills of Mt. Taygetus,
a few miles to the north-west
of Lacedaemon, as Sparta
was known
in the Byzantine era.
The hill is
naturally
fortified; it is completely inaccessible from the south and
southeast,
as the rock
rises almost
vertically
to
an incredible height.
However,
the view of the
Eurotas river
valley
is
not
blocked
by
anything
to
the north, east and
south -
the
site is
crucial
to controlling
the area. The
name Mystras
is
probably derived
from
some
landowner
in the area
whose surname
or profession
was
Myzithras (a
cheese maker).The
Franks
built
a strong
castle
for the
effective control
of
the south
Peloponnese.
However,
in order to free
William after the
Battle
of
Pelagonia
in
1259, three years later they were forced to surrender
the fortresses
of Monemvasia,
Mani and Mystras
to the Byzantines.Over the
next
few
years,
the security provided
by the
hill
prompted the
people of Lacedaemon
and
the surrounding
villages to settle on
the hillside
below
the castle.
There
they built houses,
using
marble
and
other
building
material from the
ruins
of ancient
Sparta
and their former
properties.
The Diocese of Lacedaemon
moved
its headquarters
to Mystras in
1264, followed in 1289 by the annually elected general at the head of the military
in the Morea. The cathedral
dedicated
to Agios
Demetrios
was built
in the
last third
of the 13th
century,
possibly
by Bishop
Eugene,
and was renovated
by Nicephorus
Moschopoulos
from Constantinople. Outstanding figures in
Mystras must have included Daniel
and
chancellor
Pachomius, who founded
Agioi Theodoroi (before 1296) and Aphentiko (1310), the two successive
catholica
at Vrontochi
Monastery. From
1308 onwards the annually elected commander was replaced by a permanently appointed
official.In
1348 Mystras became capital of the Despotate of the Morea, first governed by Manuel
Cantcuzenus (1348-1380), second son of Emperor John VI. Manuel wedded Princess Isabella,
the daughter of Guy de Lusignan, King of Armenia Minor. To Greeks she is better
known as Isabeau, from a widely read fictional biography. In around 1350 Manuel
founded the Monastery of the Zoodochos Christos (the Life-giving Christ), which
has been identified as the present day church of Agia Sophia.
Isabella appears to have founded Peribleptos Monastery at about the same time.In
1383 the command of Mystras passed from the Cantacuzenus family to the
Palaeologus family, which then held the throne in Constantinople.
Theodore I Palaeologus, son of Emperor John V, put a stop to the separatist
aspirations of Demetrios, last of the Cantacuzeni. The administration of
Mystras always depended on the delicate balance between enemies and friends. On
the one hand, the city’s inhabitants had high morale and a strong sense of
national consciousness, as a result of years of war and forced cohabitation
with the Franks, Venetians and Albanians, who had begun to arrive in the
Peloponnese in waves from the 13th century onwards, as well as with Jews, who had
settled on the outskirts of the city. The inhabitants reacted vigorously when
Theodore attempted to lease Mystras to the Knights Hospitaller in 1402, thus cancelling
the settlement. On the other hand, there were continuous conflicts between the
rulers and the population over high taxation and other burdens. In 1423 the
Ottomans pillaged the Peloponnese, but in
1429, after the successes of Theodore II Palaeologus and the new emperor John
VIII, a new Despotate was created with Glarentza as its capital, followed in
1430 by a third based at Kalavryta. It was then, in this period of final
triumph, that the monasteries of the Annunciation and Pantanassa were built at Mystras. However, of
the three Palaeologus brothers who laid claim to rule of the Morea and even of
Constantinople itself - Theodore, Thomas and Constantine - only the latter
remained in Mystras until 1449. He then left for the capital to ascend the
throne, without having been officially crowned. After 1453 the Ottomans had the
upper hand in the Peloponnese, and it was only
a matter of time before they conquered the last Byzantine strongholds. In 1460
Demetrios Palaeologus surrendered Mystras to Mehmet II, when threatened by his
mighty army, while Thomas left to Italy from Patras.Mystras
was
a
large
city
for
its time,
and
the
heart
of the Peloponnese
for close on
two
centuries.
Major
figures
of the time
walked
its narrow
streets -
laymen
and clergy who
determined not
only the
fate
of the city,
but possibly
also that of Europe.
The most famous of all was the
philosopher
Georgius
Gemistus
Plethon,
who held high
government office.
Indeed, at the
synod on the Union of the Churches, it was
Plethon
who
led to the revival of
interest in
classical
culture
in
Florence.
In 1464,
during the unsuccessful
Venetian siege
of Mystras,
Lord Sigismondo
Malatesta
managed to
enter the city
and
loot
the corpse
of
Plethon, which
he deposited
alongside
those of
other
wise men
at
his court
in
Rimini.
Bibliography (5)
1. Κιουσοπούλου, Τ., Η ύστερη βυζαντινή πόλη, 1997
2. Μπούρας Χ., Πολεοδομικά των μεσοβυζαντινών και υστεροβυζαντινών πόλεων, 1998
3. ‘Η ιστορία όχι μόνο δύο πόλεων’ in Ψηφίδες του Βυζαντίου
4. ‘ Η κοινωνική ζωή στο Βυζάντιο’ in Ψηφίδες του Βυζαντίου
5. Μπούρας Χαράλαμπος, Ιστορία της Αρχιτεκτονικής, 1994
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