Physics
Few sectors that currently belong to the science of physics were cultured from the scholars of Late Antiquity and Byzantium. The autonomy of sciences is, after all, a phenomenon that is rarely found before the Age of Enlightenment. Most of the sections that are now covered by physics were integrated in the sciences of Mathematics or Engineering during the Late Antiquity.

Typical cases of scientists who dealt with physics are the two "engineers" of Αgia Sophia, Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus. Anthemius, who came from a family of scholars, was educated under the philosopher, astronomer and orator Ammonius in Alexandria. His contemporaries, Procopius, Agathias Scholasticus and Paul Silentiarius praised performance in mathematics and engineering. It is referred that he made references on the works of earlier mathematicians like Nicomachus of Gerasa, and developed the theory of deficiencies based on Archimedes and Apollonius. In his work On the Parabola he analyzed the structure of the parable, while significant is regarded his contribution to the development of the theory of conic sections. In the treatise On Wondrous Machines he develops his theory of concave mirrors, and specifically about how solar rays can be concentrated in one spot with the aid of a concave mirror, regardless of season and time. Agathias mentions an incident from the life of Anthemius in Constantinople, which reveals his ingenuity and skills in applying the hydraulics. Specifically, his neighbour, Zeno the orator, added an upper floor to his house, thus blocking off the light to Anthemius’ one storey home. To get his revenge Antemius built a boiler and pipe mechanism which, when heated to boiling point, produced an artificial steam-induced earthquake, an explosion and damage to the neighbour's extension. On the other hand, Isidore of Miletus was just as good mathematician: he saw to the publication of Aristotle’s works, while a student of his, perhaps the engineer and astronomer Leontes, rescued the fifteenth book of Euclid’s Elements. Also, Isidore annotated the (now lost) work of Heron Kamarika, demonstrating his interest as an engineer for the construction of domes. Therefore, the church of Agia Sophia was a daring project, which also had the sense of an experiment, although in Late Antiquity and the later Byzantine period the concept of experiment and experimental knowledge was completely unknown.

In the middle and late Byzantium Physics was treated as a supplement to the study of mathematics and of naturalist courses of quadrivium. In the work of Michael Psellos entitled Teaching Pantodapi some questions and answers refer to issues of heat and thermodynamics, while on questions of interpretation of natural or meteorological phenomena, the treatise is based on works of ancient philosophers like Plato and Aristotle, and the Neo-Platonic. In the manual of Nikiforos Blemmydes, On physics, which was written for the students of the school he had founded in the monastery of God near Ephesus in the years around 1260, the content and structure of Aristotelian physics (Physics, On genesis and decay, on sky, weather) was followed, but the essay was based on earlier works, particularly of the neo-Platonics.
 
Mechanics
During the period of Late Antiquity, those who were engaged in solving mechanical problems were generally themselves toolmakers, slaves or manual laborers. Given this, we can understand the reasons for which few were those who dealt with the development of technique, while even fewer were those writing books for their achievements. Also, the machines built, never surpassed the experimental stage, there weren’t any suggestions for their improvement, as there was no scientific debate, while mass production was inconceivable. So since the engineers were few, the mechanicals were even fewer and the financiers of mechanical surveys very few, there has not been any substantial progress in the field of technology.

One exception was Pappus from Alexandria, whose work Synagoge gathered together the ancient knowledge of engineering. In the work in question he listed all the renowned devices of the past, thus far considered, to one degree or another, landmarks in the history of engineering: levers, catapults, water hoisting machinery, "automatons", solar and hydraulic clocks and globes with celestial bodies that were activated by hydraulics. Particularly in the case of automatons, anyone interested in devices operated by hydraulic fluid systems (water or air) consulted the work of Hero of Alexandria.

The engineers of Late Antiquity and Byzantium not only preserved the old knowledge, but also developed it as far as they could, under the given circumstances. Indeed, the encomiastic description (expression) by the orator Procopius of the three-story clock dominating the market of Gaza, describes its decoration, leaving us to comprehend the complex inner mechanism dating to the early years of the 6th century: trumpets and knocks of the statue of Perseus to Medusa’s head stroked the hours; then, the statue of Helios on his chariot pointed with his finger at one of twelve doors in the upper floor, which opened to reveal a sculpture ensemble depicting one of the twelve labours of Hercules; finally, at the base of the clock, Pan and satyrs with nymphs were depicted.  Also, the astronomer and engineer Leontes, in his work On the construction of the Aratius Sphere gives instructions for the construction of the sphere of the earth and for the engraving on it lines of the equator, the tropical and the course of the twelve zodiac signs, according to the glorification of the constellations in the known poem of the great poet of the Hellenistic period Aratus from Soli, Phenomena and Diosimeia, even correcting some of his mistakes. Finally, according to the descriptions by both Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus and Liutprand, later Bishop of Cremona, the royal throne in the palace of Magnaura rose up to the top of the formal hall, while foreign visitors worshiping with the face glued to the floor while at the same time instruments played music, metal lions opened their mouths and roared, and birds sang on silver trees above the throne. All these marvels were nothing more than applications of the principles that Heron first Heron had described. The first two projects reveal that up until the 7th century knowledge of engineering was possessed by scholars in the capital and the provinces, and they passed on major mechanical accomplishments of their own time or earlier to the wider public, like the mechanical glove and the clock of Gaza. The mechanical lifting of the emperor’s throne or the operation of a copper device with pipes carrying hot water and transmitting heat like the current radiators, in the bath built by Dighenis Akritas, according to the well-known self-titled epic, testified that the engineers from the 9th century onwards worked exclusively for the emperor and the palace.

Byzantine geometers knew how to use a surveying instrument called the dioptra. A seventh or eighth century topographer known to us as Hero(some identify him as Hero the Younger) co-wrote a book on how to solve practical problems involved in calculating distances between points and surfaces using the instrument in question, which is considered the precursor of today's theodolite. The astrolabe, which was the chief instrument of astronomy, used to calculate the azimuth and determine the distances between celestial bodies, intrigued important scholars such as John Philoponus, Nikiforos Grigoras and Isaac Argyros, who wrote relevant titled treatises. (The only surviving Byzantine astrolabe, with an inscription dating it to 1062, is held in the Museum of Brescia). Finally, the numerous medical instruments, most of which are mentioned by Oribasius, the portable solar watches, the weights and measures, and the utensils mentioned by the alchemists are all included in the tools’ technology.