The island
Lesbos
(also known as Mytilene) is the third largest island in the Aegean archipelago.
Rich in natural resources, it lies at a key geographical location near the Hellespont
and the Asia Minor coast. From early antiquity onwards it developed its own
distinct culture, making a decisive contribution to the diverse mosaic of
Aegean culture.
Signs of human life dating to as early as the Neolithic period have been found
on the island, while continuous habitation began in the 9th century BC. Lesbos
was influenced by the transfer of the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to
Constantinople in the 4th century AD, and the spread of Christianity, as it is close
to both Constantinople and the major centers of the East. It seems that the new
religion was introduced to the island by St. Paul the Apostle, when he visited
in 52 AD, though sources are unclear as to when Christianity spread to Lesbos. What
is certain is that by the first quarter of the fourth century Mytilene was
organized into a diocese, as in 325 its bishop, Gregory, is mentioned as taking
part in the First Ecumenical Council at Nicaea in Bithynia. At the beginning of
the sixth century it would appear that Mithymna also acquired a diocese. The
economic prosperity of the first Christian centuries is evidenced by the
remains of private homes on the island, such as the so-called House of
Menander, a luxurious 4th century residence decorated with mosaics,
and by the remains of communal and public buildings, such as the magnificent bath
house and the large domed public building with mosaic floors in the town of
Mytilene.
Many basilicas dating to the early Christian Period have been located
throughout the island, the most notable being the churches
of St. Demetrius
Ypselometopou, St. Andrew and
Afentelli in Eresos,
the
basilicas
at Loutra,
Chalinados
and
Achladeri
(the
largest
of the
early Christian
monuments in terms of area so far excavated).
Mosaics
unearthed
in
various
parts of the modern city of Mytilene
and
the harbor area belong
to churches
of that time.
The continuity
of tradition in mosaic
making is evident; similarity between works is not restricted
to construction techniques, but extends to decorative motifs that are repeated unaltered,
exhibiting a fine
sense of
color
and
design. Furthermore,
in the reign of Justinian construction work began on the castle at Mithymna and
the city of Mytilene.
During the
7th and 8th centuries Lesbos was plagued by Arab invasions that resulted in a
dwindling population and a significant economic downturn. Building activity
ground to a halt, thus accounting for the lack of monuments from the period. During the 9th century, despite repeated
Saracen and Russians raids, Lesbos seems to have recovered. Up until the 11th
century the island was to serve as a place of exile for prominent persons,
including Constantine IX Monomachus before he was crowned emperor.
During the late 11th century Lesbos was once again thrown into turmoil, raided twice
by Jahan the Turk, who managed to occupy the entire island with the exception
of Mithymna. Byzantine intervention under Constantine Dalassenus and John Ducas
eventually proved successful in retaking the island. It would appear that
during this period Alexius I Comnenus carried out repair works on the castle of
Mytilene. From 1128 to 1204 the role of prospective conqueror passed to the
Venetians, who carried out repeated raids. After the empire was overthrown by
the Franks, Lesbos fell to the Western Roman Emperor, but in 1261 it was reincorporated
in the Byzantine state following the recapture of Constantinople by Michael
VIII Palaeologus.
Earlier
that year (1261) Michael VIII Palaeologus and the Genoese signed the Treaty of
Nymphaeum, by which the two forces managed to oust the Venetians from the
Aegean. In return, the Genoese were granted exclusive control over many island
ports and free trade privileges in all other imperial ports. It was then that
the first Genoese trading community was established in Lesbos. In 1335 the
entire island was captured by the Genoese Domenico Cattaneo, who had previously
been based in New Phocaea. Efforts by Byzantine Emperor Andronicus III
Palaeologus to force Cattaneo from the island resulted one year later in
capitulation between the two powers, with the Genoese remaining in Lesbos on
condition that tribute was paid to the Byzantine state.
A new phase in Genoese rule on Lesbos began a few years later, in 1355. In
return for assistance rendered to Emperor John V Palaeologus in regaining the
Byzantine throne, Genoese merchant Francesco I Gattilusio was married to the
emperor’s sister, Maria Palaeologus, and received the island as dowry. One of
the first projects Gattilusio undertook was to rebuild and reinforce the castle
of Mytilene. Yet a violent earthquake in 1384 not only caused serious damage to
the castle, but also struck the family of Francis and Mary Palaeologus, as only
their youngest son survived the earthquake. The Gattilusi period on Lesbos came
to an end in 1462, when the island was surrendered to the Ottomans under Mehmet
II.
Glossary (3)
mosaic:
patterns or
images composed of small, colored tesserae. Mosaic
decoration can
be applied
to all the surfaces
of a building:
floor, walls or ceiling.
basilica:
type of large church, divided internally into three or more naves. The central nave was usually covered by a raised roof with windows that illuminated the space.
Paleo-Christian (early Christian) era:
in Byzantine history, the period that typically starts in 330 AD, when Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to his newly-founded city of Constantinople, and ends with the death of Justinian in 565.
Information Texts (3)
Alexius I Comnenus:
Emperor
of Byzantium
from 1081 to 1118, founder of the Comnenian dynasty. Son of John Comnenus and
Anna Dalassene, he was originally a general in the imperial army. Using this
position he led a revolt supported by the army and the aristocracy, which ended
in the capture of Constantinople and his
ascension to the imperial throne on 1 April 1081. The empire Alexius inherited was at a very
critical juncture: the aristocracy were in revolt, the Seljuks had taken over
much of Asia Minor and the capital and the Danubian
provinces were under attack. The raids continued at greater or lesser intensity
over several years. To address these difficulties, Alexius turned to the West,
and signed peace treaties with the Venetians and the Germans. With regard to domestic affairs, he attempted to reform and revitalize
the economy and trade so as to stop deflation of the Byzantine currency, and overhauled
the administration. The first Crusade took place during his reign. Alexius exercised
diplomacy in dealing with the waves of crusaders, providing them with vessels to
cross over to Asia Minor. After extensive
negotiations, the crusader leaders agreed to hand back any lands they might
capture that had previously belonged to the Byzantine
Empire. However, Alexius failed to prevent them capture Antioch and Jerusalem. He died in
1118.
Michael VIII Palaeologus :
Byzantine emperor
from 1259 to 1282, founder of the Palaeologan dynasty. Having begun his career
as a soldier, he took advantage of confusion following the death of Theodore to
participate in conspiracies led by the aristocracy in order to ascend the
throne. On 13th July 1261 he captured Constantinople
and was crowned emperor, sidelining his young co-emperor John IV Lascaris. Michael
III was a skilful diplomat and military man who reorganized Constantinople’s
defences and conducted victorious wars in an attempt to revive the Empire’s
fortunes. However, what ultimately hallmarked his reign was the effort to
reunite the two churches, as he believed that this would ensure the viability
of the state. He died at Pachomio in Eastern Thrace
in December 1282. His successor Andronicus brought his body to Thrace, where
he was buried without a funeral, as Michael Palaeologus was considered a
"Latin sympathizer".
Andronicus III Palaeologus:
Byzantine Emperor
from 1328 to 1341. After the death of his father, Andronicus III seized power
in a coup against his grandfather Emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus. His rise
to the throne was followed by an intermittent civil war that lasted from 1321
until 1328, bringing the empire to its knees. As emperor Andronicus
demonstrated military, political and diplomatic skills. He attempted to fight
corruption, strengthened the army and rebuilt the navy abolished by Andronicus
II, and made significant legislative reforms. Regarding foreign affairs, he
failed to check the advance of the Ottomans in Asia Minor,
but succeeding in imposing Byzantine command in Thessaly
and Epirus,
bringing them once more under imperial control. He also stopped the advance of
the Serbs in Macedonia
and the Bulgarians in Thrace.
Andronicus died in June 1341, without having named a successor.
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